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Ishita Banerjee1, Tanmoy Mondal2, Arijit Kumar Banerji3, Saptarsi Batabyal4, Pradip Pal 5

Performance of surface treatments of concrete - A review

[Vol. 06 (01), December, 2025, pp. 108-117]

Concrete structures are often exposed to aggressive environments, making surface treatments essential for their protection and extended service life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the effects of various surface treatments on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, as well as the durability of the treatment materials themselves. Common surface treatments such as acrylic coatings, polyurethane coatings, epoxy coatings, silanes, siloxanes, sodium silicate, and nano-SiO₂ are examined. These treatments exhibit different influences on physical and mechanical properties, water permeability, chloride migration, carbonation resistance, sulphate attack, and freeze–thaw durability. The strengths and weaknesses of each treatment type must be carefully considered when selecting an appropriate surface protection method. Although numerous tests have been conducted to evaluate the barrier properties of these treatments, prediction models for the long-term service life of treated concrete remain limited. Furthermore, many surface treatments—particularly organic ones—are prone to aging and weathering, which can reduce their long-term effectiveness. Therefore, both the immediate protective effect and the long-term durability of surface treatments should be incorporated into service-life modelling and maintenance planning.

Pradip Pal1, Saptarsi Batabyal2, Tanmoy Mondal3, Ishita Banerjee4, Arijit Kumar Banerji 5

Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Viability of Using Industrial By-Products in Embankment and Subgrade Construction

[Vol. 06 (01), December, 2025, pp. 118-124]

The creation of transportation infrastructure (especially roads/highways) necessitates a great deal of natural materials that form the embankment and subgrade layers. Such reliance on natural virgin aggregates and soils has led to excessive depletion of natural resources through resource exploitation and ecological damage. Concurrently, industrialization leaves a great deal of by-products and wastes in its wake with immense disposal and leachate/pollution concerns. Therefore, industrial by-products as sustainable alternatives in the creation of embankments and subgrades, i.e., fly ash, blast furnace slag, red mud, steel slag, quarry dust, construction and demolition (C&D) waste, become more and more desirable. This review paper examines the geotechnical, environmental, and economic parameters of such materials for a performance-based evaluation of success, advantages, and disadvantages. Specific attention on laboratory studies, field applications, stabilization ability, and sustainability evaluates the materials as replacement candidates for conventional materials. The results found that with proper investigation and treatment of industrial by-products, the sustainability of a project can be enhanced from an environmental and economic perspective without sacrificing engineering performance standards.

Ishita Banerjee1*

A comprehensive review on the application of nano materials in concrete

[Vol. 06 (01), December, 2025, pp. 125-132]

This review paper discusses the use of nano materials in concrete. In recent years, the application of nano materials has received considerable attention for enhancing the properties of conventional concrete. The primary purpose of incorporating nano materials into concrete is to improve its strength and durability. A nano material is defined as a material containing particles smaller than 200 nm. However, for concrete studies, the effective particle size is typically up to 500 nm. The addition of ultrafine nano materials can reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement on a weight basis, thereby improving the binding effect. These ultrafine particles also act as fillers, reducing the formation of micro pores and producing a denser concrete matrix, which in turn minimizes the growth of micro cracks in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) structures.

Arijit Kumar Banerji1, Tanmoy Mondal2, Ishita Banerjee3, Saptarsi Batabyal4, Pradip Pal5

Numerical Prediction of Rutting in Flexible Pavements under Moving Overloaded Traffic Considering Nonlinear Material Effects

[Vol. 06 (01), December, 2025, pp. 133-137]

Axle overloading significantly impacts pavement structural behavior due to its progressive damage. In India, pavement structures experience high temperatures and heavy traffic. Their adverse impact on the pavement structure takes into account rutting that causes the serviceability problem on the pavement and requires pavement rehabilitation. This research investigates the effect of non-linear material behavior on the rutting resistance of pavement. The loading response due to moving vehicle loads on the pavement's surface is compared to evaluate the overloading damage potential. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis was performed using the commercial FE software ANSYS to model and develop the flexible pavement structure. Non-linear subgrade soil, granular base-subbase properties, and viscoelastic properties of the bituminous layer are used to simulate the 3-D FE pavement model. The vertical deflection and rutting strain are determined considering the overloading factors of 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5. The analysis result shows that overloading conditions increase pavement deflection and rutting strain. Furthermore, load repetitions to cause rutting are reduced at a higher overloading factor.